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A big challenge for modern seismic is the ability to image complicated structures. Fold and thrustbelts are characterized by rapid velocity variations due to juxtaposed rock types.
Locked under ice and permafrost in Alaska and in remote reaches of the Arctic lie vast resources to fuel our nation's energy future. The tremendous volume of methane gas hydrates in the permafrost regions of the world make tapping into this unconventional resource a critical component to add to our nation's energy portfolio.
Ten years old and going strong: The Auger deepwater field in the Gulf of Mexico continues to yield not just hydrocarbons, but valuable data.
The old question about reserve estimates: How much oil does the earth have? The new question: Does anyone have any idea?
The Jonah Field in the northern Greater Green River Basin, one of the largest gas discoveries in the last decade and a poster child for basin centered gas. The Standard Draw-Echo Springs Field in the Washakie Basin, which was found in the 1970s and was one of the original fields determined to be a large, basin centered gas accumulation.
Shanley, Robinson and Cluff weigh in on future E&P direction
Conventional wisdom regarding basin-centered gas accumulations has sparked a geologic debate in Colorado.
Geology without borders, part III: The prolific Trenton-Black River fairway is bringing exploration success and possibilities to Canada's Anticosti Island.
Take a look through the U.S. perspective regarding the development of energy fuels world wide.
The energy industry is at a crossroads — petroleum is in the rearview mirror and a methane-based economy is squarely ahead.
Production from unconventional petroleum reservoirs includes petroleum from shale, coal, tight-sand and oil-sand. These reservoirs contain enormous quantities of oil and natural gas but pose a technology challenge to both geoscientists and engineers to produce economically on a commercial scale. These reservoirs store large volumes and are widely distributed at different stratigraphic levels and basin types, offering long-term potential for energy supply. Most of these reservoirs are low permeability and porosity that need enhancement with hydraulic fracture stimulation to maximize fluid drainage. Production from these reservoirs is increasing with continued advancement in geological characterization techniques and technology for well drilling, logging, and completion with drainage enhancement. Currently, Australia, Argentina, Canada, Egypt, USA, and Venezuela are producing natural gas from low permeability reservoirs: tight-sand, shale, and coal (CBM). Canada, Russia, USA, and Venezuela are producing heavy oil from oilsand. USA is leading the development of techniques for exploring, and technology for exploiting unconventional gas resources, which can help to develop potential gas-bearing shales of Thailand. The main focus is on source-reservoir-seal shale petroleum plays. In these tight rocks petroleum resides in the micro-pores as well as adsorbed on and in the organics. Shale has very low matrix permeability (nano-darcies) and has highly layered formations with differences in vertical and horizontal properties, vertically non-homogeneous and horizontally anisotropic with complicate natural fractures. Understanding the rocks is critical in selecting fluid drainage enhancement mechanisms; rock properties such as where shale is clay or silica rich, clay types and maturation , kerogen type and maturation, permeability, porosity, and saturation. Most of these plays require horizontal development with large numbers of wells that require an understanding of formation structure, setting and reservoir character and its lateral extension. The quality of shale-gas resources depend on thickness of net pay (>100 m), adequate porosity (>2%), high reservoir pressure (ideally overpressure), high thermal maturity (>1.5% Ro), high organic richness (>2% TOC), low in clay (<50%), high in brittle minerals (quartz, carbonates, feldspars), and favourable in-situ stress. During the past decade, unconventional shale and tight-sand gas plays have become an important supply of natural gas in the US, and now in shale oil as well. As a consequence, interest to assess and explore these plays is rapidly spreading worldwide. The high production potential of shale petroleum resources has contributed to a comparably favourable outlook for increased future petroleum supplies globally. Application of 2D and 3D seismic for defining reservoirs and micro seismic for monitoring fracturing, measuring rock properties downhole (borehole imaging) and in laboratory (mineralogy, porosity, permeability), horizontal drilling (downhole GPS), and hydraulic fracture stimulation (cross-linked gel, slick-water, nitrogen or nitrogen foam) is key in improving production from these huge resources with low productivity factors.
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